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Futures and Options

Definition of Futures and Options

Futures and options are derivative contracts that derive their value from one or more underlying financial securities like stocks, bonds, interest rates, currencies, and commodities.

Every futures and options contract contains an expiration date and a price for the underlying that’s pre-agreed. Futures are a right and an obligation whereas options are a right but not an obligation to exercise the terms of the contract.

Related Terms

Autoregressive Model

An autoregressive model uses one or more past values to forecast the current value of an asset.

The model assumes that past values can have an impact on the current value but the number of past values it takes into account can vary.
For example, an AR(1) model will use one preceding value, an AR(2) model will use two preceding values, and so on.

Capped Style Option

Capital is the total amount of money that a trader can use to buy and sell securities. There are variations of the term, the most common one is “starting capital”. This is the amount of money a trader starts their journey with.

Company Debentures

A debenture is a debt instrument that a company uses to take out a loan in exchange for a fixed interest rate. Debentures can either be used to refer to bonds or documents created in exchange for a medium to long-term loan.

Commodity Exchange

A commodity exchange is a marketplace where commodities and related derivative contracts are standardized and traded. The commodity exchange can be split into these sub-markets:

  • Derivatives market: this is where commodity exchanges allow futures, options, forwards, and other derivatives to be traded
  • Spot market: this is where commodity exchanges allow buying and selling of commodities in real-time (on the spot), including cash contracts

In India, there are 4 commodity exchanges that are popular and widely turned to:

  • Indian Commodity Exchange (ICEX)
  • Multi Commodity Exchange of India (MCX)
  • National Commodity & Derivatives Exchange Limited (NCDEX)
  • National Multi Commodity Exchange of India (NMCX)

Within these exchanges, the most commonly traded commodities include:

  • Crude oil
  • Coffee
  • Corn
  • Cotton
  • Gold
  • Natural gas
  • Silver
  • Sugar
  • Wheat

Issue Price

The issue price is the price at which a company sells its newly issued shares during an IPO. The company that is set to go public will conduct thorough market analysis before deciding the issue price.

Equities

The term equities can be used to describe two different things. First, equities refers to stocks held by shareholders. Equities of this type represent residual ownership or stake in a company.

Second, equities are the amount of money shareholders shall receive in the event that a company is liquidated. In such a case, the equities will be calculated by subtracting the total debt from total assets.



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